Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality
This note briefly states and proves one of the most famous inequalities in geometry/analysis. Theorem Statement Given $2n$ real numbers (you can see these two also as $n$ dimensional vectors), such as $x_{1}, \dots, x_{n}$ and $y_{1}, \dots, y_{n}$ then we have that $$ \left( \sum_{i = 1}^{n} x_{i}y_{i} \right) ^{2} \leq \left( \sum_{i= 1}^{n} x^{2}_{i} \right) \left( \sum_{i = 1}^{n} y^{2}_{i} \right) $$ In vectorial form we can rewrite this as $$ \lvert \langle u, v \rangle \rvert ^{2} \leq \langle u, u \rangle \cdot \langle v, v \rangle $$ with $u = \left( x_{1}, \dots, x_{n} \right)$ and $v = \left( y_{1}, \dots, y_{n} \right)$ and the $\langle \cdot, \cdot \rangle$ operator is the inner product....