Transliteration systems

This note is still a TODO. Transliteration is learning learning a function to map strings in one character set to strings in another character set. The basic example is in multilingual applications, where it is needed to have the same string written in different languages. The goal is to develop a probabilistic model that can map strings from input vocabulary $\Sigma$ to an output vocabulary $\Omega$. We will extend the concepts presented in Automi e Regexp for Finite state automata to a weighted version. You will also need knowledge from Descrizione linguaggio for definitions of alphabets and strings, Kleene Star operations. ...

November 10, 2024 · Reading Time: 4 minutes ·  By Xuanqiang Angelo Huang

Sentiment Analysis

Sentiment analysis is one of the oldest tasks in natural language processing. In this note we will introduce some examples and terminology, some key problems in the field and a simple model that we can understand by just knowing Backpropagation Log Linear Models and the Softmax Function. We say: Polarity: the orientation of the sentiment. Subjectivity: if it expresses personal feelings. See demo Some applications: Businesses use sentiment analysis to understand if users are happy or not with their product. It’s linked to revenue: if the reviews are good, usually you make more money. But companies can’t read every review, so they want automatic methods. ...

November 7, 2024 · Reading Time: 2 minutes ·  By Xuanqiang Angelo Huang

Language Models

In order to understand language models we need to understand structured prediction. If you are familiar with Sentiment Analysis, where given an input text we need to classify it in a binary manner, in this case the output space usually scales in an exponential manner. The output has some structure, for example it could be a tree, it could be a set of words etc… This usually needs an intersection between statistics and computer science. ...

October 30, 2024 · Reading Time: 2 minutes ·  By Xuanqiang Angelo Huang

Part of Speech Tagging

What is a part of Speech? A part of speech (POS) is a category of words that display similar syntactic behavior, i.e., they play similar roles within the grammatical structure of sentences. It has been known since the Latin era that some categories of words behave similarly (verbs for declination for example). The intuitive take is that knowing a specific part of speech can help understand the meaning of the sentence. ...

October 30, 2024 · Reading Time: 5 minutes ·  By Xuanqiang Angelo Huang

The Exponential Family

This is the generalization of the family of function where Softmax Function belongs. Many many functions are part of this family, most of the distributions that are used in science are part of the exponential family, e.g. beta, Gaussian, Bernoulli, Categorical distribution, Gamma, Beta, Poisson, are all part of the exponential family. The useful thing is the generalization power of this set of functions: if you prove something about this family, you prove it for every distribution that is part of this family. This family of functions is also closely linked too Generalized Linear Models (GLMs). ...

October 20, 2024 · Reading Time: 6 minutes ·  By Xuanqiang Angelo Huang

Dependency Parsing

This set of note is still in TODO Dependency Grammar has been much bigger in Europe compared to USA, where Chomsky’s grammars ruled. One of the main developers of this theory is Lucien Tesnière (1959): “The sentence is an organized whole, the constituent elements of which are words. Every word that belongs to a sentence ceases by itself to be isolated as in the dictionary. Between the word and its neighbors, the mind perceives connections, the totality of which forms the structure of the sentence. The structural connections establish dependency relations between the words. Each connection in principle unites a superior term and an inferior term. The superior term receives the name governor (head). The inferior term receives the name subordinate (dependent).” ~Lucien Tesnière ...

October 19, 2024 · Reading Time: 4 minutes ·  By Xuanqiang Angelo Huang

Devices OS

Devices Categorizzazione (6) Trasferimento dei dati Accesso al device sinfonia del trasferimento condivisone fra processi Velocità del trasferimento I/O direction (scrittura o lettura) Vediamo che molte caratteristiche sono riguardo il trasferimento Slide categorizzazione I/O Blocchi o caratteri Slide devices blocchi o caratteri Tecniche di gestione devices (4) Buffering Possiamo mettere un buffer per favorire la comunicazione fra i devices. la cosa migliore che fa è creare maggiore efficienza. Un altro motivo è la velocità diversa di consumo. ...

August 28, 2024 · Reading Time: 4 minutes ·  By Xuanqiang Angelo Huang

Paginazione e segmentazione

Memoria sistema Operativo Guardare Memoria virtuale Per vedere come vengono rimpiazzate le pagine In quest sezione andiamo a parlare di come fanno molti processi a venire eseguiti insieme, anche se lo spazio di memoria fisico è lo stesso. Andiamo quindi a parlare di spazio di indirizzi, risoluzione di questi indirizzi logici, segmentazione e paginazione. (e molto di più!) MMU Controlla se l’accesso di memoria è bono o meno. (traduzione fra indirizzo logico e fisico) ...

August 28, 2024 · Reading Time: 8 minutes ·  By Xuanqiang Angelo Huang

Reti convoluzionali

Abbiamo trattato i modelli classici in Convolutional Neural Network. Con i vecchi files di notion Il Kernel I punti interessanti delle immagini sono solamente i punti di cambio solo che attualmente siamo in stato discreto, quindi ci è difficile usare una derivata, si usano kernel del tipo: $\left[ 1, 0, -1 \right]$, che sarà positivo se cresce verso sinistra, negativo se scende. feature map Sono delle mappe che rappresentano alcune informazioni interessanti della nostra immagine. ...

Reading Time: 1 minute ·  By Xuanqiang Angelo Huang

Determinanti

Determinanti I determinanti sono un numero associato alle matrici quadrate. Più o meno ne sono il riassunto. Proprietà Le prime 3 sono quelle fondamentali per calcolare il tutto, i numeri dopo il 3 sono alcune conseguenze. det I = 1 Cambiare righe → cambiare il segno della determinante. (Importante) Se moltiplico una riga per una costante, il determinante è moltiplicato per questa costante. Se sommo una costante a una riga, allora il determinante è una somma strana… Immagine di esempio ...

July 16, 2024 · Reading Time: 4 minutes ·  By Xuanqiang Angelo Huang